The scale of the nucleation zone is uncertain, with some evidence, such as the rupture dimensions of the smallest earthquakes, suggesting that it is smaller than 100 m (330 ft) while other evidence, such as a slow component revealed by low-frequency spectra of some earthquakes, suggest that it is larger. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage, general Earthquakes can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. In the upper crust, P-waves travel in the range 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second (or lower) in soils and unconsolidated sediments, increasing to 3–6 km (1.9–3.7 mi) per second in solid rock. When the In its most general sense, the word Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an Reverse faults, particularly those along This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that rupturesThe most important parameter controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault, however, is not the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its hypocenter or focus. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history was the Earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of life, while powerful, were deadly because of their proximity to either heavily populated areas or the ocean, where earthquakes often create Individuals can also take preparedness steps like securing From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher In recent studies, geologists claim that Contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to directly afflicted families and their loved ones. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.Floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged.

Earthquake - Earthquake - Shallow, intermediate, and deep foci: Most parts of the world experience at least occasional shallow earthquakes—those that originate within 60 km (40 miles) of the Earth’s outer surface.

Very great earthquakes occur on average about once per year. These earthquakes occur in island arc or deep ocean trenches where one plate is slipping over another in subduction zones.

This effect is called site or local amplification. ... forearc » focus. An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is very shallow, typically about 10 degrees.Strike-slip faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an approximate width of 10 km (6.2 mi) within the brittle crust.In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress level in the three fault types. A hypocenter (or hypocentre) (from Ancient Greek: ὑπόκεντρον [hypόkentron] for 'below the center') is the point of origin of an earthquake or a subsurface nuclear explosion.

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