Outside assessments vary, mostly between calling the result a Polish victory and inconclusive. He was met by a nearly simultaneous and initially very successful Red Army counterattack. The first serious armed conflict of the war took place around February 14In early March 1919, Polish units started an offensive, crossing the Neman River, taking Pinsk, and reaching the outskirts of Lida. Thus, it was necessary to retreat to the last possible line of defence – the Vistula River. In one day the Soviet advance toward Warsaw and Modlin had been halted and soon turned into retreat.

Translated from the Russian by Harriet E. Kennedy. In midsummer, the fall of Warsaw seemed certain but in mid-August the tide had turned again as the Polish forces achieved an unexpected and decisive victory at the The frontiers between Poland and Soviet Russia had not been defined in the In the aftermath of World War I, the map of Central and With the success of the Greater Poland Uprising in 1918, Poland had re-established its statehood for the first time since the 1795 partition and seen the end of a 123 years of rule by three imperial neighbors: Russia, Germany, and Poland was not alone in its newfound opportunities and troubles.

Soviet Summer Counteroffensives and March to the VistulaSoviet Summer Counteroffensives and March to the Vistula It is difficult to determine its authorship, but most probably it was either the Polish chief of the general staff, General The last main battle of the war took place at the Neman River between 20 and 26 September 1920. Poland's very independence was at stake.Soviet forces moved forward at the remarkable rate of 20 miles (32 km) a day. In early July, it became clear to the Poles that the Soviets' objectives were not limited to pushing their borders westwards. The remains of Budionny's 1st Cavalry Army retreated towards Volodymyr-Volynskyi on September 6 and was defeated shortly thereafter at the Battle of Hrubieszów. The Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 was a direct consequence of the Soviet and Polish leaders’ ideological objectives. Lenin in his secret report to the 9th Conference of the Bolshevik Party on September 20, 1920, called the outcome of the war "In a word, a gigantic, unheard-of defeat" (see Richard Pipes, (ed.) In Galicia to the south, General Semyon Budyonny's cavalry advanced far into the Polish rear, capturing Brodno and approaching Lwów and Zamość.

Although Budionny's Army managed to avoid encirclement, it suffered heavy losses and its morale plummeted. Although there had been hostilities between the two countries during 1919, the conflict began when the Russian and Polish historians tend to assign victory to their respective countries. The combined Polish-Ukrainian forces entered an abandoned The Polish military thrust was met with Red Army counterattacks on May 29. Soon the Polish-Soviet War would begin in earnest. It would be 20 years before the Bolsheviks would send their armies abroad to 'make revolution.

The Polish political scene had begun to unravel in panic, with the government of Leopold Skulski resigning in early June. Polish negotiators made better progress with the The Warsaw Treaty, an agreement with the exiled Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petlura signed on April 21, 1920, was the main Polish diplomatic success. During those dramatic days in mid-August 1920, the Poles succeeded not only in stopping the advance towards Warsaw, but also in regrouping their forces in preparation for a massive counteroffensive.

In the north, Polish forces had fared much worse.

They were squeezed between the Red Russians of Lenin and Trotsky in the north-east, White Russians of Denikin in south-east and the Poles in the West. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. Few of these were sent west that year, as the majority of Red Army forces were engaged against the Russian White movement; the Western Army in February 1919 had just 46,000 men.By February 14, the Poles, who had been advancing eastwards, secured positions along the line of Kobryn, Pruzhany, and the rivers Zalewianka and Neman.

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