The trench, which has a maximum depth of 4000 m, marks an active plate boundary where plates converge obliquely at a rate of 9.3 cm/year on an azimuth of 070 degrees (Koulali et al.

Casing was set at 270 cm to restrain the sands, and from 270 cm the hole was push-drilled with no rotation of the bit.

ISBN 9781925043273Davies HL, Davies JM, Perembo RCB, Lus WY (2003) The Aitape 1998 tsunami: reconstructing the event from interviews and field mapping. The evidence suggests that the coarse clastic sediment at 328–345 cm was introduced during Peat D time, which is 1440–1600 AD, or 350–500 years ago (Table The presence of a lesser amount and lower concentration of finer coarse clastic sediment at 369–374 cm in core W3 is evidence of a marine incursion during Peat C time, around 1150–1240 AD, or 700–800 years ago (Table The oldest of the thick peats, Peat B, formed around 980–1050 AD (Table The coarse detrital sediments in peats C and D differ from those of the 1998 tsunami (Gelfenbaum and Jaffe The origins of the lightweight clay-rich sediments that form the upper part of the Otou face are a mystery. In one instance, members of our party were captured by an armed village group (no firearms) and held for 8 h before being released. This paper reports the results of an investigation into past major tsunamis on the Aitape coast of Papua New Guinea. Peat B is at 3.92–4.00 m depthThe lower part of the face, below the bench, showed a sequence of pale-coloured clay-rich mudstone with three prominent dark-coloured interbeds of peat. The second peat contained a much smaller proportion of detrital sediment, finer sediment than was in the topmost, and was dated at around AD 1150–1240. It may be tsunami sediment—see text. Pure Appl Geophys 169:1843–1863Reimer PJ, Bard E, Bayliss A, Beck JW, Blackwell PG, Bronk Ramsey C, Buck CE, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Friedrich M, Grootes PM, Guilderson TP, Haflidason H, Hajdas I, Hatte C, Heaton TJ, Hoffmann DL, Hogg AG, Hughen KA, Kaiser KF, Kromer B, Manning SW, Niu M, Reimer RW, Richards DA, Scott EM, Southon JR, Staff RA, Turney CSM, van der Plicht J (2013) INTCAL13 and MARINE13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years cal BP. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips

The upper face extends from 2 to 3 m below an arbitrary sea level datum and is a homogeneous unbedded clay-rich mudstone that is readily eroded and breaks into angular blocks.

In the 2 years following the tsunami, there was an intensive programme of scientific investigations, including five major marine surveys. The subsidence events are spasmodic but, over sufficient length of time, may average out to 2–4 mm/year.

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