From 1961 to 1989, the Berlin Wall divided the city, with its western part completely surrounded by the Wall. Some crossed freely into West Berlin, while others brought hammers and picks and began to chip away at the wall itself. The direct cost of manpower losses to East Germany (and corresponding gain to the West) has been estimated at $7 billion to $9 billion, with East German party leader The exodus of emigrants from East Germany presented two minor potential benefits: an easy opportunity to smuggle East German secret agents to West Germany, and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime. The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ] ()) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Neither of these advantages, however, proved particularly useful.Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US president At midnight, the police and units of the East German army began to close the border and, by Sunday morning, 13 August, the border with West Berlin was closed. Berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between East and West Germany to being the most difficult.United States and UK sources had expected the Soviet sector to be sealed off from West Berlin, but were surprised by how long the East Germans took for such a move. In just two weeks, the East German army, police force and volunteer construction workers had completed a makeshift Before the wall was built, Berliners on both sides of the city could move around fairly freely: They crossed the East-West border to work, to shop, to go to the theater and the movies. Ordinary citizens of the Western Allied powers, not formally affiliated with the Allied forces, were authorized to use all designated transit routes through East Germany to and from West Berlin. Henry Ford left his family’s farm in Dearborn, Michigan, at age 16 to work in the machine © 2020 A&E Television Networks, LLC. All but Hasch escaped back into the western sector. (Eventually, the GDR built 12 checkpoints along the wall.) The number of people who died trying to cross the Wall, or as a result of the Wall's existence, has been disputed. At each of the checkpoints, East German soldiers screened diplomats and other officials before they were allowed to enter or leave. At The front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of Berlin just before noon, to be met by Clay and Johnson, before parading through the streets of Berlin in front of a large crowd. Hasch himself was arrested, dragged through the door into the death strip, and later convicted of illegally crossing the Besides the sector-sector boundary within Berlin itself, the Wall also separated West Berlin from the present-day state of There were nine border crossings between East and West Berlin. These included the Soviets' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post-war Germany self-sufficient, and to a detailed accounting of industrial plants, goods and infrastructure—some of which had already been removed by the Soviets.Following the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the Soviet Union engineered the installation of friendly Communist governments in most of the countries occupied by Soviet military forces at the end of the War, including Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and the GDR, which together with Albania formed the Since the end of the War, the Soviets together with like-minded East Germans created a new Soviet-style regime in the Soviet Zone and later the GDR, on a centrally planned socialist economic model with nationalized means of production, and with repressive police state institutions, under party dictatorship of the SED similar to the party dictatorship of the Soviet Communist Party in the USSR.At the same time, a parallel regime was established under the strict control of the Western powers in the zones of post-war Germany occupied by them, culminating in the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949,In 1948, in response to moves by the Western powers to establish a separate, federal system of government in the Western zones, and to extend the Marshall Plan to Germany, the Soviets instituted the The German Democratic Republic (the "GDR"; East Germany) was declared on 7 October 1949.

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